1

0 SECOND TIMOTHY

FROM ROME

PROBABLY EARLY AUTUMN OF 67 OR SPRING OF 68

1

1 According to the promise of the life which is in Christ Jesus

( κατ' επαγγελιαν ζωης της εν Χριστω Ιησου). "With a view to the fulfilment of the promise." See Tit 1:1 for this same use of κατα. For κατ' επαγγελιαν see Gal 3:29. See 1Ti 4:8 for the phrase "promise of life." Here or there "life that in Christ Jesus" includes the present as well as the future.

2 Beloved

( αγαπητο). Instead of γνησιω (genuine) in 1Ti 1:2. He had already called Timothy αγαπητον (verbal adjective of αγαπαω) in 1Co 4:17, an incidental and strong proof that it is Paul who is writing here. This argument applies to each of the Pastorals for Paul is known by other sources (Acts and previous Pauline Epistles) to sustain precisely the affectionate relation toward Timothy and Titus shown in the Pastorals.

3 I thank

( χαριν εχω). "I have gratitude." As in 1Ti 1:12. Robinson cites examples of this phrase from the papyri. It occurs also in Luk 17:9; Act 2:47. Χαρις in doxologies Paul uses (1Co 15:57; 1Co 2:14; 1Co 8:16; 1Co 9:15; Rom 6:17; Rom 7:25). His usual idiom is ευχαριστω (1Co 1:4; Rom 1:8; Phm 1:4; Phi 1:3) or ευχαριστουμεν (1Th 1:2; Col 1:3) or ου παυομα ευχαριστων (Eph 1:16) or ευχαριστειν οφειλομεν (2Th 1:3).Whom I serve from my forefathers

( ω λατρευω απο προγονων). The relative ω is the dative case with λατρευω (see Rom 1:9 for this verb), progressive present (I have been serving). For προγονων (forefathers) see 1Ti 5:4. Paul claims a pious ancestry as in Act 24:14; Act 26:5; Gal 2:14; Phi 3:4-7.In a pure conscience

( εν καθαρα συνειδησε). See 1Ti 1:5; Act 23:1.Unceasing

( αδιαλειπτον). Late and rare compound, in N.T. only here and Rom 9:2 which see. The adverb αδιαλειπτως is more frequent (in the papyri, literary Koine, 1Th 1:2; Rom 1:9). The adjective here is the predicate accusative, "how I hold the memory concerning thee unceasing." The use of αδιαλειπτως (adverb) is a sort of epistolary formula (papyri, 1Th 1:2; 1Th 2:13; 1Th 5:17; Rom 1:9).Remembrance

( μνειαν). Old word, in N.T. only Pauline (seven times, 1Th 1:2; Rom 1:9; Phi 1:3).

4 Night and day

( νυκτος κα ημερας). Genitive of time, "by night and by day." As in 1Th 2:9; 1Th 3:10.Longing

( επιποθων). Present active participle of επιποθεω, old word, eight times in Paul (1Th 3:6; Phi 1:8, etc.).Remembering thy tears

( μεμνημενος σου των δακρυων). Perfect middle participle of μιμνησκω, old and common verb with the genitive, only here in the Pastorals and elsewhere by Paul only in 1Co 11:2. Probably an allusion to the scene at Miletus (Act 20:37). Cf. Act 20:19.That I may be filled with joy

( ινα χαρας πληρωθω). Final clause with ινα and first aorist passive subjunctive of πληροω (with genitive case χαρας), a verb common with Paul (Rom 8:4; Rom 13:8).

5 Having been reminded

( υπομνησιν λαβων). "Having received (second aorist active participle of λαμβανω) a reminder" (old word from υπομιμνησκω, to remind, in N.T. only here and 1Pe 1:13). For the idiom see Rom 7:8; Rom 7:11. A reminder by another while αναμνησις remembrance (1Co 11:24) is rather a recalling by oneself (Vincent).Of the unfeigned faith

( της ανυποκριτου πιστεως). Late compound for which see 2Co 6:6; Rom 12:9.Dwelt

( ενωικησεν). First aorist active indicative of ενοικεω, old verb, in N.T. only in Paul (Rom 8:11; Col 3:16).First

( πρωτον). Adverb, not adjective ( πρωτη).In thy grandmother Lois

( εν τη μαμμη Λωιδ). Old word, originally the infantile word for μητηρ (mother), then extended by writers to grandmother as here. Common for grandmother in the papyri. Lois is the mother of Eunice, Timothy's mother, since Timothy's father was a Greek (Act 16:1). Probably both grandmother and mother became Christians.I am persuaded

( πεπεισμα). Perfect passive indicative of πειθω, "I stand persuaded." In the Pastorals only here and verse 2Ti 1:12, common in Paul's other writings (Rom 8:38, etc.).

6 For the which cause

( δι' ην αιτιαν). "For which cause," stronger than διο. So in verse 2Ti 1:12; Tit 1:13. Only example of αιτια by Paul save in Act 28:20.I put thee in remembrance

( αναμιμνησκω). Old compound to remind (1Co 4:17; 2Co 7:15).That thou stir up

( σε αναζωπυρειν). Present active infinitive of αναζωπυρεω, old double compound ( ανα and ζωπυρον, live coal, ζωος and πυρ, then the bellows for kindling), to rekindle, to stir into flame, to keep blazing (continuous action, present time), only here in N.T. See 1Th 5:19 for the figure of fire concerning the Holy Spirit. See αναπτω in Luk 12:49.The gift of God

( το χαρισμα του θεου). See 1Ti 4:14. Here Paul says μου (my), there he mentions the presbytery. Paul felt a deep personal interest in Timothy. See 1Co 7:7; Rom 6:23; Rom 11:29 for the gift of God.

7 A spirit of fearfulness

( πνευμα δειλιας). Here πνευμα is the χαρισμα of verse 2Ti 1:6, the human spirit as endowed by the Holy Spirit (Rom 8:15). Δειλια is an old word ( δειλοσ, δειδω) and always in a bad sense of cowardice, only here in N.T.Of power

( δυναμεως). One of Paul's characteristic words (Rom 1:16).Of love

( αγαπης). One of the gifts of the Spirit (Gal 5:22). "Which drives out fear" (Lock) as in 1Jn 4:18.Of discipline

( σωφρονισμου). Late Koine word (from σωφρονιζω, to control), self-control, here only in N.T. See 1Ti 2:9 for σωφροσυνη.

8 Be not ashamed of

( μη επαισχυνθηις). First aorist (ingressive) passive subjunctive (in prohibition) of επαισχυνομα, old word, to be ashamed. Again in verse 2Ti 1:16 without augment ( επαισχυνθην), transitive use of the passive voice as often in the Koine (Robertson, Grammar, p. 818). See Rom 1:16; Rom 6:21. "Do not become ashamed" (as he had not).The testimony of our Lord

( το μαρτυριον του κυριου). For the old word μαρτυριον see 1Co 1:6; 1Co 2:1. Paul probably has in mind the saying of Jesus preserved in Mar 8:38 (Luk 9:26). See also 2Ti 2:12.His prisoner

( τον δεσμιον αυτου). As in Phi 1:12; Phm 1:1; Phm 1:9; Eph 3:1; Eph 4:1 (the first Roman captivity). Paul is in his last captivity and refers to it again in verse 2Ti 1:16; 2Ti 2:9.Suffer hardship with

( συνκακοπαθησον). First aorist active imperative of the double compound συνκακοπαθεω, first known use and in N.T. only here and 2Ti 2:3 (in eccles. writers). But κακοπαθεω, to suffer evil, is old verb (2Ti 2:9; 2Ti 4:5). Paul is fond of compounds of συν. Paul challenges Timothy by this verb which he apparently coins for the purpose to a joint ( συν) suffering with the Lord Jesus and Paul "for the gospel" ( τω ευαγγελιω, dative case rather than associative instrumental "with").According to the power of God

( κατα δυναμιν θεου). Given by God (2Co 6:7).

9 Called us with a holy calling

( καλεσαντος κλησε αγια). Probably dative, "to a holy calling." Κλησις here apparently not the invitation, but the consecrated service, "the upward calling" (Phi 3:14). See 1Co 7:20; Eph 4:1; Eph 4:4 for the use of καλεω with κλησις. Paul often uses καλεω of God's calling men (1Th 2:12; 1Co 1:9; Gal 1:6; Rom 8:20; Rom 9:11).Purpose

( προθεσιν). See Rom 9:11; Eph 1:11 for προθεσιν.Which was given

( την δοθεισαν). First aorist passive articular participle agreeing with χαρις (grace), a thoroughly Pauline expression (1Co 3:10; Rom 12:3; Rom 12:6, etc.), only here in Pastoral Epistles.Before times eternal

( προ χρονων αιωνιων). See Tit 1:2.

10 But hath now been manifested

( φανερωθεισαν δε νυν). First aorist passive participle of φανεροω agreeing with χαριν. See Tit 1:3; Col 1:26; Col 3:4 for φανεροω and the contrast made.By the appearing

( δια της επιφανειας). Only here of the Incarnation (except the verb, Tit 2:11; Tit 3:4), but for the second coming see Tit 2:13.Who abolished death

( καταργησαντος μεν τον θανατον). First aorist active participle of καταργεω, the very phrase in 1Co 15:26; Heb 2:14.Brought to light

( φωτισαντος δε). First aorist active participle of φωτιζω, literary Koine word for which see 1Co 4:5; Eph 1:18, to turn the light on.Life and incorruption

( ζωην κα αφθαρσιαν). The opposite of θανατος, "life and immortality" (unchangeable life).

11 For which

( εις ο). For the gospel. See 1Ti 2:7 for this verse.

12 These things

( ταυτα). His imprisonment in Rome.Yet I am not ashamed

( αλλ' ουκ επαισχυνομα). Plain reference to the exhortation to Timothy in verse 2Ti 1:8.Him whom I have believed

( ω πεπιστευκα). Dative case of the relative ( ω) with the perfect active of πιστευω, the antecedent to the relative not expressed. It is not an indirect question. Paul knows Jesus Christ whom he has trusted.I am persuaded

( πεπεισμα). See verse 2Ti 1:5.To guard

( φυλαξα). First aorist active infinitive of φυλασσω, the very word used in 1Ti 6:20 with παραθηκην as here, to guard against robbery or any loss.That which I have committed unto him

( την παραθηκην μου). Literally, "my deposit," as in a bank, the bank of heaven which no burglar can break (Mat 6:19). See this word also in verse 2Ti 1:14. Some MSS. have the more common παρακαταθηκη (a sort of double deposit, παρα, beside, down, κατα).Against that day

( εις εκεινην την ημεραν). The day of Christ's second coming. See also 2Ti 1:18; 2Ti 4:8; 2Th 1:10, and often in the Gospels. Elsewhere, the day of the Lord (1Th 5:2; 2Th 2:2; 1Co 1:8; 2Co 1:14), the day of Christ or Jesus Christ (Phi 1:6; Phi 1:10; Phi 2:16), the day (1Th 5:4; 1Co 3:13; Rom 13:12), the day of redemption (Eph 4:20), the day of judgment (Rom 2:5; Rom 2:16).

13 The pattern of sound words

( υποτυπωσιν υγιαινοντων λογων). See 1Ti 1:16 for υποτυπωσιν and 1Ti 1:10 for υγιαινω.Which

( ων). Genitive plural with ηκουσας (didst hear) or attracted to case of λογων ( ακουω is used either with the accusative or the genitive).

14 That good thing which was committed unto thee

( την καλην παραθηκην). Simply, "the good deposit."Guard

( φυλαξον). As in 1Ti 6:20. God has also made an investment in Timothy (cf. verse 2Ti 1:12). Timothy must not let that fail.Which dwelleth in us

( του ενοικουντος εν ημιν). It is only through the Holy Spirit that Timothy or any of us can guard God's deposit with us.

15 Are turned away from me

( απεστραφησαν με). Second aorist passive (still transitive here with με) of αποστρεφω, for which verb see Tit 1:14. For the accusative with these passive deponents see Robertson, Grammar, p. 484. It is not known to what incident Paul refers, whether the refusal of the Christians in the Roman province of Asia to help Paul on his arrest (or in response to an appeal from Rome) or whether the Asian Christians in Rome deserted Paul in the first stage of the trial (2Ti 4:16). Two of these Asian deserters are mentioned by name, perhaps for reasons known to Timothy. Nothing else is known of Phygelus and Hermogenes except this shameful item.

16 Grant mercy

( δωιη ελεος). The phrase nowhere else in the N.T. Second aorist active optative of διδωμ, the usual form being δοιη. This is the usual construction in a wish about the future.Unto the house of Onesiphorus

( τω Ονησιφορου οικω). The same phrase in 2Ti 4:19. Apparently Onesiphorus is now dead as is implied by the wish in 2Ti 1:18.For he oft refreshed me

( οτ πολλακις με ανεψυξεν). First aorist active indicative of αναψυχω, old verb, to cool again, in LXX and Koine often, here only in N.T., but αναψυξις in Act 3:20. In the first imprisonment or the second. If he lost his life for coming to see Paul, it was probably recently during this imprisonment.Was not ashamed of my chain

( αλυσιν μου ουκ επαισχυνθη). Passive deponent again (first aorist indicative) with accusative as in 2Ti 1:8. For αλυσιν (chain) see Eph 6:20. Note absence of augment in επαισχυνθη.

17 When he was in Rome

( γενομενος εν Ρομη). Second aorist middle participle of γινομα (coming to Rome, happening in Rome).He sought me diligently and found me

( σπουδαιως εζητησεν με κα ευρεν). Effective aorists both of them (first of ζητεω, second of ευρισκω). He did it at the risk of his own life apparently.

18 Grant to him to and mercy

( δωιη αυτω ευρειν ελεος). Second aorist active optative in wish for the future again as in verse 2Ti 1:16. Find mercy from the Lord (Jesus) as he found me.Thou knowest very well

( βελτιον συ γινωσκεις). Literally, "thou knowest better (than I)," for he did those things in Ephesus where thou art. Only N.T. example of βελτιον, in D text of Act 10:28.

2

1 Be strengthened

( ενδυναμου). Present passive imperative of ενδυναμοω. See already 1Ti 1:12; Rom 4:20; Phi 4:13; Eph 6:10. "Keep on being empowered," "keep in touch with the power."In the grace that is in Christ Jesus

( εν τη χαριτ τη εν Χριστω Ιησου). Where the power is located. Christ is the dynamo for power only when and while we keep in touch with him.

2 From me

( παρ' εμου). As in 2Ti 1:13. Paul was Timothy's chief teacher of Christ.Among many witnesses

( δια πολλων μαρτυρων). Plutarch has δια in this sense and Field (Ot. Norv.) suggests that it is a legal phrase "supported by many witnesses." Not mere spectators, but testifiers. See Paul's use of δια 1Th 4:2; 2Co 2:4; Rom 2:27; Rom 14:20. Paul in 1Co 15:1-8 gives many witnesses of the resurrection of Christ.Commit thou

( παραθου). Second aorist middle imperative of παρατιθημ (1Ti 1:18) to deposit, same metaphor as παραθηκη in 2Ti 1:12; 2Ti 1:14. "Deposit thou."Faithful

( πιστοις). "Trustworthy," "reliable," as in 1Ti 1:12 of Paul himself.Able

( ικανο). Capable, qualified, as in 1Co 15:9; 2Co 2:16; 2Co 3:5.Others also

( κα ετερους). Not necessarily "different," but "others in addition." This is the way to pass on the torch of the light of the knowledge of God in Christ. Paul taught Timothy who will teach others who will teach still others, an endless chain of teacher-training and gospel propaganda.

3 Suffer hardship with me

( συνκακοπαθησον). See 2Ti 1:8 for this verb. The old preacher challenges the young one to share hardship with him for Christ.As a good soldier

( ος καλος στρατιωτης). Paul does not hesitate to use this military metaphor (this word only here for a servant of Christ) with which he is so familiar. He had already used the metaphor in 1Co 9:7; 2Co 10:3; 1Ti 1:18. In Phi 2:25 he called Epaphroditus "my fellow-soldier" ( συνστρατιωτην μου) as he did Archippus in Phm 1:2.

4 No soldier on service

( ουδεις στρατευομενος). "No one serving as a soldier." See 1Co 9:7 for this old verb and 2Co 10:3; 1Ti 1:18 for the metaphorical use.Entangleth himself

( εμπλεκετα). Old compound, to inweave (see Mat 27:29 for πλεκω), in N.T. only here and 2Pe 2:20. Present middle (direct) indicative.In the affairs

( ταις πραγματειαις). Old word (from πραγματευομα, Luk 19:13), business, occupation, only here in N.T.Of this life

( του βιου). No "this" in the Greek, "of life" (course of life as in 1Ti 2:2, not existence ζωη).Him who enrolled him as a soldier

( τω στρατολογησαντ). Dative case after αρεση (first aorist active subjunctive of αρεσκω, to please, 1Th 2:4, purpose clause with ινα) of the articular first aorist active participle of στρατολογεω, literary Koine word ( στρατολογος, from στρατος and λεγω), only here in N.T.

5 If also a man contend in the games

( εαν δε κα αθλη τις). Condition of third class with present (linear) active subjunctive of αθλεω, old and common verb (from αθλος, a contest), only this verse in N.T., but συναθλεω in Phi 1:27. Note sharp distinction between αθλη (present subjunctive, engage in a contest in general) and αθληση (first aorist active subjunctive, engage in a particular contest). Not "except he have contended," but simply "unless he contend" (in any given case) "lawfully" ( νομιμως). Old adverb, agreeably to the law, in N.T. only here and 1Ti 1:8.Is not crowned

( ου στεφανουτα). Present passive indicative of στεφανοω, old verb (from στεφανος, crown), in N.T. only here and Heb 2:7; Heb 2:9. One apodosis for two protases. The victor in the athletic contests was crowned with a garland.

6 The husbandman that laboureth

( τον κοπιωντα γεωργον). "The toiling tiller of the soil" ( γεωργον, from γη and εργω, worker of the earth). See γεωργιον (field) in 1Co 3:9 and also 1Co 9:7.First

( πρωτον). As is natural and right.To partake

( μεταλαμβανειν). Old word as in Act 2:46 to share in. Paul elsewhere uses μετεχω as in 1Co 9:12.

7 Consider

( νοε). Present active imperative of νοεω, old verb, to put your mind ( νους) on. See Eph 3:4 and like command in 1Co 10:15.Understanding

( συνεσιν). "Comprehension" (from συνιημ, to send together, to grasp). See Col 1:9; Col 2:2. This is a blessed promise that calls for application.

8 Risen from the dead

( εγηγερμενον εκ νεκρων). Perfect passive participle of εγειρω, still risen as the perfect tense shows in 1Co 15:4; 1Co 15:12-20. Predicate accusative. "Remember Jesus Christ as risen from the dead." This is the cardinal fact about Christ that proves his claim to be the Messiah, the Son of God. Christ is central for Paul here as in Phi 2:5-11.Of the seed of David

( εκ σπερματος Δαυειδ). The humanity of Christ as in Rom 1:3; Phi 2:7.According to my gospel

( κατα το ευαγγελιον μου). Paul's very phrase in Rom 2:16; Rom 16:25. Not a written gospel, but my message. See also 1Co 15:1; 2Co 11:7; Gal 1:11; Gal 2:2; 1Ti 1:11.

9 Wherein

( εν ω). In my gospel.I suffer hardship

( κακοπαθω). "I suffer evil." Old compound ( κακον, πασχω), elsewhere in N.T., 2Ti 4:5; Jas 5:13.Unto bonds

( μεχρ δεσμων). "Up to bonds." A common experience with Paul (2Co 11:23; Phi 1:7; Phi 1:13; Phi 1:14; Col 4:18).As a malefactor

( ως κακουργος), old compound ( κακον, εργω, doer of evil), in N.T. only here and Luk 23:32 (of the robbers). One of the charges made against Paul.Is not bound

( ου δεδετα). Perfect passive indicative of δεω, to bind. Old verb. See 1Co 7:27; 1Co 7:39; Rom 7:2. I am bound with a chain, but no fetters are on the word of God (Pauline phrase; 1Th 2:13; 1Co 14:36; 2Co 2:17; Phi 1:14; Tit 2:5).

10 For the elect's sake

( δια τους εκλεκτους). "Because of the elect." God's elect (Rom 8:33; Col 3:12; Tit 1:1) for whom Paul suffered so much (Col 1:6; Col 12:15; Phi 2:17; Eph 3:1; Eph 3:13).That they also may obtain

( ινα κα αυτο τυχωσιν). Purpose clause with second aorist (effective) active subjunctive of τυγχανω with genitive. "They as well as I," Paul means.The salvation

( της σωτηριας). The final salvation "with eternal glory" ( μετα δοξης αιωνιου). This phrase only here and 1Pe 5:10, but in 2Co 4:17 we have "eternal weight of glory."

11 Faithful is the saying

( πιστος ο λογος). The saying which follows here though it can refer to the preceding as in 1Ti 4:9. See 1Ti 1:15. It is possible that from here to the end of 2Ti 2:13 we have the fragment of an early hymn. There are four conditions in these verses (2Ti 2:11-13), all of the first class, assumed to be true. Parallels to the ideas here expressed are found in 2Th 1:5; 1Co 4:8; 2Co 7:3; Rom 6:3-8; Col 3:1-4. Note the compounds with συν ( συναπεθανομεν,we died with

, from συναποθνεσκο as in 2Co 7:3; συνζησομεν,we shall live with

, from συνζαω as in 2Co 7:3; συμβασιλευσομεν,we shall reign with

, from συμβασιλευω as in 1Co 4:8). For υπομενομεν (we endure) see 1Co 13:7 and for απιστουμεν (we are faithless) see Rom 3:3. The verb αρνεομα, to deny ( αρνησομεθα, we shall deny, αρνησετα, he will deny, αρνησασθα, deny, first aorist middle infinitive) is an old word, common in the Gospels in the sayings of Jesus (Mat 10:33; Luk 12:9), used of Peter (Mar 14:70), and is common in the Pastorals (1Ti 5:8; Tit 2:12; 2Ti 3:5). Here in verse 2Ti 2:13 it has the notion of proving false to oneself, a thing that Christ "cannot" ( ου δυνατα) do.

14 That they strive not about words

( μη λογομαχειν). Word apparently coined by Paul from λογομαχια (1Ti 6:4 which see), a back formation in that case. A mere war of words displeases Paul. (Tit 3:9).Useful

( χρησιμον). Late and rare word from χραομα, here only in N.T.To the subverting

( επ καταστροφη). Old word (from καταστρεφω, to turn down or over), here only in N.T. (except 2Pe 2:6 in some MSS., not in Westcott and Hort)." Because of the overthrow" (result επ, not aim), useless for this reason. Such war of words merely upsets the hearers.

15 Give diligence

( σπουδασον). First aorist active imperative of σπουδαζω, old word, as in 1Th 2:17; Gal 2:10.To present

( παραστησα). First aorist active infinitive of παριστημ as in Col 1:22; Col 1:28.Approved unto God

( δοκιμον τω θεω). Dative case θεω with δοκιμον, predicate accusative, old adjective (from δεχομα), for which see 1Co 11:19; 2Co 10:18.A workman

( εργατην). See 2Co 11:3; Phi 3:2.That needeth not to be ashamed

( ανεπαισχυντον). Late double compound verbal adjective ( α privative, επαισχυνω), in Josephus and here alone.Handling aright

( ορθοτομουντα). Present active participle of ορθοτομεω, late and rare compound ( ορθοτομος), cutting straight, ορθος and τεμνω), here only in N.T. It occurs in Pro 3:6; Pro 11:5 for making straight paths ( οδους) with which compare Heb 12:13 and "the Way" in Act 9:2. Theodoret explains it to mean ploughing a straight furrow. Parry argues that the metaphor is the stone mason cutting the stones straight since τεμνω and ορθος are so used. Since Paul was a tent-maker and knew how to cut straight the rough camel-hair cloth, why not let that be the metaphor? Certainly plenty of exegesis is crooked enough (crazy-quilt patterns) to call for careful cutting to set it straight.

16 Shun

( περιιστασο). See Tit 3:9.Babblings

( κενοφωνιας). See 1Ti 6:20.Will proceed

( προκοψουσιν). Future active of προκοπτω, "will cut forward." See Gal 1:14; Rom 13:12.Further in ungodliness

( επ πλειον ασεβειας). "To more of ungodliness." See Rom 1:18; 1Ti 2:2.

17 Will eat

( νομην εξε). "Will have (future active of εχω) pasturage or increase" ( νομη, old word from νεμω, to pasture, in N.T. only here and Joh 10:9).As doth gangrene

( ως γαγγραινα). Late word (medical writers and Plutarch), only here in N.T. From γραω or γραινω, to gnaw, to eat, an eating, spreading disease. Hymenaeus is probably the one mentioned in 1Ti 1:20. Nothing is known of Philetus.

18 Men who

( οιτινες). "The very ones who."Have erred

( ηστοχησαν). "Missed the mark." First aorist active indicative of αστοχεω, for which see 1Ti 1:6; 1Ti 6:21.That the resurrection is past already

( αναστασιν ηδη γεγονενα). Second perfect active infinitive of γινομα in indirect assertion after λεγοντες (saying) with the accusative of general reference ( αναστασιν).Overthrow

( ανατρεπουσιν). See Tit 1:11.

19 Howbeit

( μεντο). Strong adversative, "however."Firm

( στερεος). Old adjective, solid, compact, in N.T. only here, 1Pe 5:9; Heb 5:12; Heb 5:14. See στερεωμα in Col 2:5. For θεμελιος see 1Co 3:11; Rom 15:20; 1Ti 6:19. Cf. εδραιωμα in 1Ti 3:15.Seal

( σφραγις). See 1Co 9:2; Rom 4:11.Knoweth

( εγνω). Timeless aorist active indicative of γινωσκω. Quotation from Num 16:5.Let every one depart

( αποστητω πας). Paraphrase of Num 16:27; Isa 26:13; Isa 52:11; Jer 20:9. Second aorist active imperative of αφιστημ (intransitive use), "Let every one stand off from." Probably another echo of the rebellion of Korah.

20 In a great house

( εν μεγαλη οικια). Metaphor of a palace. He doubtless has the Kingdom of God in mind, but he works out the metaphor of a great house of the rich and mighty.Vessels

( σκευη). Old word σκευος. See Rom 9:21 for the same double use as here.Of gold

( χρυσα). Old contracted adjective χρυσεος, only here by Paul.Of silver

( αργυρα). Old contracted adjective αργυρεος, in N.T. here, Act 19:24; Rev 9:20.Of wood

( ξυλινα). Old adjective, in N.T. only here and Rev 9:20.Of earth

( οστρακινα). Late adjective, from οστρακον, baked clay, in LXX, in N.T. only here and 2Co 4:7.

21 If a man purge himself

( εαν τις εκκαθαρη). Paul drops the metaphor of the house and takes up the individual as one of the "vessels." Condition of third class with first aorist active subjunctive of εκκαθαιρω, old verb, to cleanse out, in LXX, in N.T. only here and 1Co 5:7.From these

( απο τουτων). From the vessels for dishonour of verse 2Ti 2:20.Sanctified

( ηγιασμενον). Perfect passive participle of αγιαζω, for which verb see 1Co 6:11.Meet for the master's use

( ευχρηστον τω δεσποτω). Dative case δεσποτη (for which word see 1Ti 6:1) with ευχρηστον, neuter singular like ηγιασμενον agreeing with σκευος. Old verbal adjective ( ευ and χραομα, to use well), useful or usable for the master. In N.T. only here and 2Ti 4:11. See αχρηστον in 2Ti 2:11.Prepared

( ητοιμασμενον). Perfect passive participle of ετοιμαζω, in a state of readiness, old and common word, elsewhere by Paul only 1Co 2:9 (LXX).

22 Youthful

( νεωτερικας). Literary Koine word (Polybius, Josephus), only here in N.T. There are lusts peculiar to flaming youth.Flee

( φευγε). Present active imperative of φευγω, old and common verb. In this sense see 1Co 6:18.Follow after

( διωκε). Present active imperative of διωκω as if in a chase for which sense see 1Th 5:15. Steady pursuit of these virtues like those in Gal 5:22.Call on the Lord

( επικαλουμενον τον κυριον). See 1Co 1:2; Rom 10:12-14.

23 Ignorant

( απαιδευτους). Old verbal, here only in N.T. ( α privative and παιδευω). Untrained, uneducated, "speculations of a half-educated mind" (Parry).Refuse

( παραιτου). See 1Ti 4:7.They gender strifes

( γεννωσιν μαχας). Present active indicative of old and common verb γενναω (Rom 9:11). "They beget battles." See 2Ti 2:14.

24 Must not strive

( ου δε μαχεσθα). Rather, "it is not necessary for him to fight" (in such verbal quibbles). The negative ου goes with δε, not with the infinitive μαχεσθα.Gentle

( ηπιον). Old word (from επος, speech), affable, mild, in N.T. only here (and 1Th 2:7 in some MSS.; W. H. have νηπιος).Teachable

( διδακτικον). See 1Ti 3:2.Forbearing

( ανεξικακον). Late compound (from future of ανεχω, ανεξω, and κακον, putting up with evil). Here only in N.T.

25 Correcting

( παιδευοντα). See Tit 2:12. "Schooling" (Parry).Oppose themselves

( αντιδιατιθεμενους). Present middle (direct) participle of αντιδιατιθημ, late double compound (Diodorus, Philo) to place oneself in opposition, here only in N.T.If peradventure God may give

( μη ποτε δωιη ο θεος). Here Westcott and Hort read the late form of the second aorist active optative of διδωμ for the usual δοιη as they do in 2Ti 1:18. But there it is a wish for the future and so regular, while here the optative with μη ποτε in a sort of indirect question is used with a primary tense δε (present) and parallel with an undoubted subjunctive ανανηψωσιν, while in Luk 3:15 μη ποτε ειε is with a secondary tense. Examples of such an optative do occur in the papyri (Robertson, Grammar, p. 989) so that we cannot go as far as Moulton does and say that we "must" read the subjunctive δωη here (Prolegomena, pp. 55, 193).Repentance

( μετανοιαν). "Change of mind" (2Co 7:10; Rom 2:4).Unto the knowledge of the truth

( εις επιγνωσιν αληθειας). Paul's word "full knowledge" (Col 1:9).

26 They may recover themselves

( ανανηψωσιν). First aorist active subjunctive of ανανηφω, late and rare word, to be sober again, only here in N.T., though νηφω is in 1Th 5:6.Out of the snare of the devil

( εκ της του διαβολου παγιδος). They have been caught while mentally intoxicated in the devil's snare (1Ti 3:7). See Rom 11:9 for παγις.Taken captive

( εζωγρημενο). Perfect passive participle of ζωγρεω, old verb, to take alive ( ζωοσ, αγρεω), in N.T. only here and Luk 5:10 (of Peter). "Taken captive alive."By him unto his will

( υπ' αυτου εις το εκεινου θελημα). This difficult phrase is understood variously. One way is to take both αυτου and εκεινου, to refer to the devil. Another way is to take both of them to refer to God. Another way is to take αυτου of the devil and εκεινου, of God. This is probably best, "taken captive by the devil" "that they may come back to soberness to do the will of God." There are difficulties in either view.

3

1 Know this

( τουτο γινωσκε). See 1Co 11:3; Phi 1:12.In the last days

( εν εσχαταις ημεραις). See Jas 5:3; 1Ti 4:1.Grievous

( χαλεπο). Hard. See Eph 5:16.Shall come

( ενστησοντα). Future middle of ενιστημ (intransitive use), old verb, to stand on or be at hand, as in 2Th 2:2.

2 Lovers of self

( φιλαυτο). Old compound adjective ( φιλοσ, αυτος), here only in N.T.Lovers of money

( φιλαργυρο). Old compound adjective, in N.T. only here and Luk 16:14. See 1Ti 6:10.Boastful

( αλαζονες). Old word for empty pretender, in N.T. only here and Rom 1:30.Haughty

( υπερηφανο). See also Rom 1:30 for this old word.Railers

( βλασφημο). See 1Ti 1:13.Disobedient to parents

( γονευσιν απειθεις). See Rom 1:30.Unthankful

( αχαριστο). Old word, in N.T. only here and Luk 6:35.Unholy

( ανοσιο). See 1Ti 1:9.Without natural affection

( αστοργο). See Rom 1:31.

3 Implacable

( ασπονδο). Truce-breakers. Old word, only here in N.T. though in MSS. in Rom 1:31 (from α privative and σπονδη, a libation). Slanderers

( διαβολο). See 1Ti 3:11; Tit 2:3.Without self-control

( ακρατεις). Old word ( α privative and κρατος), here only in N.T.Fierce

( ανημερο). Old word ( α privative and ημερος, tame), only here in N.T.No lovers of good

( αφιλαγαθο). Found only here ( α privative and φιλαγαθος, for which see Tit 1:8). See also Phi 4:8. A papyrus describes Antoninus as φιλαγαθος and has αφιλοκαγαθια.

4 Traitors

( προδοτα). Old word (from προδιδωμ), in N.T. only here, Luk 6:16; Act 7:52.Headstrong

( προπετεις). Old word (from προ and πιπτω), falling forward, in N.T. only here and Act 19:36.Puffed up

( τετυφωμενο). Perfect passive participle of τυφοω. See 1Ti 3:6.Lovers of pleasure

( φιληδονο). Literary Koine word ( φιλοσ, ηδονη), only here in N.T.Lovers of God

( φιλοθεο). Old word ( φιλοσ, θεος), only here in N.T.

5 A form of godliness

( μορφωσιν ευσεβειας). For μορφωσιν, see Rom 2:20. The outward shape without the reality.Having denied

( ηρνημενο). Perfect middle participle of αρνεομα (see 2Ti 2:12).Power

( δυναμιν). See 1Co 4:20. See Rom 1:29-31 for similar description.Turn away

( αποτρεπου). Present middle (direct) imperative of αποτρεπω, "turn thyself away from." Old verb, only here in N.T. See IV Macc. 1:33.

6 That creep

( ο ενδυνοντες). Old and common verb (also ενδυω) either to put on (1Th 5:8) or to enter (to slip in by insinuation, as here). See same idea in Jdg 1:4 ( παρεισεδυησαν), 2Pe 2:1 ( παρεισαξουσιν), Gal 2:4 ( παρεισηλθον and παρεισακτους). These stealthy "creepers" are pictured also in Tit 1:11.Take captive

( αιχμαλωτιζοντες). "Taking captive." Present active participle of αιχμαλωτιζω, for which see 2Co 10:5; Rom 7:23.Silly women

( γυναικαρια). Literally, "little women" (diminutive of γυνη), found in Diocles (comedian of 5 century B.C.) and in Epictetus. The word here is neuter (grammatical gender) plural. Used contemptuously here (only N.T. example). Ramsay suggests "society ladies." It is amazing how gullible some women are with religious charlatans who pose as exponents of "new thought."Laden with sins

( σεσωρευμενα αμαρτιαις). Perfect passive participle of σωρευω, old word from Aristotle down (from σωρος, a heap) to heap up. In N.T. only here and Rom 12:20. Associative instrumental case αμαρτιαις.Divers

( ποικιλαις). Many coloured. See Tit 3:3. One has only to recall Schweinfurth, the false Messiah of forty odd years ago with his "heavenly harem" in Illinois and the recent infamous "House of David" in Michigan to understand how these Gnostic cults led women into licentiousness under the guise of religion or of liberty. The priestesses of Aphrodite and of Isis were illustrations ready to hand. Αγομενα (present passive participle) means "continually led astray or from time to time."

7 Never able to come to the knowledge of the truth

( μηδεποτε εις επιγνωσιν αληθειας ελθειν δυναμενα). Pathetic picture of these hypnotized women without intellectual power to cut through the fog of words and, though always learning scraps of things, they never come into the full knowledge ( επιγνωσιν) of the truth in Christ. And yet they even pride themselves on belonging to the intelligentsia!

8 Like as

( ον τροπον). "In which manner." Adverbial accusative and incorporation of the antecedent τροπον into the relative clause.Jannes and Jambres

( Ιαννης κα Ιαμβρης). Traditional names of the magicians who withstood Moses (Targum of Jonathan on Exo 7:11).Withstood

( αντεστησαν). Second aorist active (intransitive) of ανθιστημ, to stand against, "they stood against" (with dative Μωυσε). Same word used of Elymas in Act 13:8 and repeated here ανθισταντα (present middle indicative). Paul here pictures the seducers of the γυναικαρια above.Corrupted in mind

( κατεφθαρμενο τον νουν). Perfect passive participle of καταφθειρω, old compound, in N.T. only here in critical text. See 2Co 11:3; 1Ti 6:5 for διαφθειρω. The accusative νουν is retained in the passive.Reprobate

( αδοκιμο). See 1Co 9:27; Tit 1:16. They had renounced their trust ( πιστιν) in Christ.

9 They shall proceed no further

( ου προκοψουσιν επ πλειον). Future active of προκοπτω. See 2Ti 2:16.Folly

( ανοια). Old word (from ανοος, a privative and νους), want of sense, here only in N.T.Evident

( εκδηλος). Old word ( εκ, δηλος, outstanding), here only in N.T.Theirs

( εκεινων). Of Jannes and Jambres (Exo 7:12).

10 Didst follow

( παρηκολουθησας). First aorist active indicative of παρακολουθεω, for which see 1Ti 4:6. Some MSS. have perfect active παρηκολουθηκας (thou hast followed). Nine associative-instrumental cases here after the verb ( teaching , διδασκαλια, Rom 12:7;conduct

, αγωγη, old word here only in N.T.;purpose

, προθεσε, Rom 8:28;faith

, πιστε, 1Th 3:6;longsuffering

, μακροθυμια, Col 1:11;persecutions

, διωγμοις, 2Th 1:4;sufferings

, παθημασιν, 2Co 1:6). The two last items belong to verse 2Ti 3:11.

11 What things befell me

( οια μο εγενετο). Qualitative relative ( οια) referring to actual experiences of Paul ( εγενετο, second aorist middle indicative of γινομα) more fully described in 2Co 11:30-33. The Acts of the Apostles tell of his experiences in Antioch in Pisidia (Act 13:14; Act 13:45; Act 13:50), in Iconium (Act 14:1-5), in Lystra (Act 14:6-19). See also Gal 2:11.What persecutions I endured

( οιους διωγμους υπηνεγκα). Qualitative relative again with διωγμους. The verb is first aorist active indicative of υποφερω, old verb, to bear under as in 1Co 10:13.Delivered me

( με ερυσατο). First aorist middle of ρυομα, old verb, with εκ here as in 1Th 1:10. Used again of the Lord Jesus in 2Ti 4:18.

12 That would live godly

( ο θελοντες ζηιν ευσεβως). "Those who desire (will, determine) to live godly." Paul does not regard his experience as peculiar, but only part of the price of loyal service to Christ.Shall suffer persecution

( διωχθησοντα). Future passive of διωκω, "shall be persecuted" (shall be hunted as wild beasts).

13 Impostors

( γοητες). Old word from wailers ( γοαω, to bewail), professional mourners, deceivers, jugglers. Here only in the N.T. Modern impostors know all the tricks of the trade.Shall wax worse and worse

( προκοψουσιν επ το χειρον). "Shall cut forward to the worse stage." See 2Ti 2:16 for προκοπτω. Χειρον is comparative of κακος, "to the worse than now."Deceiving and being deceived

( πλανωντες κα πλανωμενο). Present active and present passive participles of πλαναω. The tragedy of it all is that these seducers are able to deceive others as well as themselves.

14 But abide thou

( συ δε μενε). Emphatic contrast ( συ δε), "But thou." Present active imperative of μενω, common verb, to remain.In the things which

( εν οις). The antecedent to οις is not expressed ("in which things") and the relative is attracted from α accusative with εμαθες (didst learn, second aorist active indicative of μανθανω) to the case of the unexpressed antecedent (locative with εν).Hast been assured of

( επιστωθης). First aorist passive indicative of πιστοω, old verb (from πιστος, faithful), to make reliable, only here in N.T.Knowing from whom

( ειδως παρα τινων). Second perfect active participle of οιδα. Note τινων (ablative case after παρα in an indirect question). The list included the O.T. prophets, Paul, Eunice, Lois. There ought to be moral authority in such personages.

15 From a babe

( απο βρεφους). Only here in the Pastorals. This teaching from the fifth year, covering the whole of Timothy's recollections. See Mar 9:21 εκ παιδιοθεν, from a child.Thou has known

( οιδας). Present active indicative, progressive perfect reaching from a babe till now. Would that Christian parents took like pains today.The sacred writings

( ιερα γραμματα). "Sacred writings" or "Holy Scriptures." Here alone in N.T., though in Josephus (Proem to Ant. 3; Apion 1, etc.) and in Philo. The adjective ιερος occurs in 1Co 9:13 of the temple worship, and γραμμα in contrast to πνευμα in 2Co 3:6; Rom 2:29 and in Joh 5:47 of Moses' writings, in Act 28:21 of an epistle, in Gal 6:11 of letters (characters). In Ephesus there were Εφεσια γραμματα that were βεβηλα (Act 19:19), not ιερα.To make thee wise

( σε σοφισα). First aorist active infinitive of σοφιζω, old verb (from σοφος), in N.T. only here, and 2Pe 1:16.Which is in

( της εν). Common idiom with the article, "the in." The use of the Scriptures was not magic, but of value when used "through faith that is in Christ Jesus."

16 Every scripture inspired of God is also profitable

( πασα γραφη θεοπνευστος κα ωφελιμος). There are two matters of doubt in this clause. One is the absence of the article η before γραφη, whether that makes it mean "every scripture" or "all scripture" as of necessity if present. Unfortunately, there are examples both ways with both πας and γραφη. Twice we find γραφη in the singular without the article and yet definite (1Pe 2:6; 2Pe 1:20). We have πας Ισραηλ (Rom 11:26) for all Israel (Robertson, Grammar, p. 772). So far as the grammatical usage goes, one can render here either "all scripture" or "every scripture." There is no copula ( εστιν) in the Greek and so one has to insert it either before the κα or after it. If before, as is more natural, then the meaning is: "All scripture (or every scripture) is inspired of God and profitable." In this form there is a definite assertion of inspiration. That can be true also of the second way, making "inspired of God" descriptive of "every scripture," and putting εστιν (is) after κα: "All scripture (or every scripture), inspired of God, is also profitable."Inspired of God

( θεοπνευστος). "God-breathed." Late word (Plutarch) here only in N.T. Perhaps in contrast to the commandments of men in Tit 1:14.Profitable

( ωφελιμος). See 1Ti 4:8. See Rom 15:4. Four examples of προς (facing, with a view to, for): διδασκαλιαν, teaching; ελεγμον, reproof, in LXX and here only in N.T.; επανορθωσιν, correction, old word, from επανορθοω, to set up straight in addition, here only in N.T., with which compare επιδιορθοω in Tit 1:5; παιδειαν, instruction, with which compare Eph 6:4.

17 The man of God

( ο του θεου ανθρωπος). See 1Ti 6:11.May be complete

( ινα η αρτιος). Final clause with ινα and present subjunctive of ειμ. Αρτιος is old word (from root αρω, to fit), specially adapted, here only in N.T.Furnished completely

( εξηρτισμενος). Perfect passive participle of εξαρτιζω, rare verb, to furnish (fit) fully (perfective use of εξ), in N.T. only here and Act 21:5. In Josephus. For καταρτιζω, see Luk 6:40; 2Co 13:11.

4

1 I charge thee

( διαμαρτυρομα). Rather, "I testify." See 1Th 4:6. See 1Ti 5:21 for this verb and appeal to God and Christ.Who shall judge

( του μελλοντος κρινειν). "The one going or about to judge" (regular idiom with μελλω). The quick and the dead ( ζωντας κα νεκρους). "Living and dead." See 1Th 4:16.And by his appearing

( κα την επιφανειαν). Accusative of conjuration (verbs of swearing), after διαμαρτυρομα as is βασιλειαν (by his kingdom). See 1Th 5:27. For επιφανειαν, see 2Ti 1:10; Tit 2:13; 1Ti 6:14; 2Th 2:8.

2 Preach the word

( κηρυξον τον λογον). First aorist active imperative of κηρυσσω. For "the word" used absolutely, see 1Th 1:6; Gal 6:6.Be instant in season, out of season

( επιστηθ ευκαιρως ακαιρως). Second aorist (ingressive) active imperative of εφιστημ (intransitive use), "take a stand," "stand upon it or up to it," "carry on," "stick to it." The Vulgate has "insta." The two adverbs are like a proverb or a play (pun) on the word καιρος. There are all sorts of seasons ( καιρο), some difficult ( χαλεπο, 2Ti 3:1), some easy ( ευκαιρη, 1Co 16:12).Reprove

( ελεγξον). First aorist active imperative of ελεγχω. "Bring to proof." Eph 5:11.Rebuke

( επιτιμησον). First aorist active imperative of επιτιμαω, to give honour (or blame) to, to chide. Common in the Gospels (Luk 17:3).Exhort

( παρακαλεσον). First aorist active imperative of παρακαλεω, common Pauline word.

3 A time when

( καιρος οτε). One of the ακαιρως (out of season) times.Will not endure

( ουκ ανεξοντα). Future middle (direct) of ανεχω. "Will not hold themselves back from" (Col. 2Ti 3:13). Having itching ears ( κνηθομενο την ακοην). Present middle (causative) participle of κνηθω, late and rare form of the Attic κναω, to scratch, to tickle, here only in N.T. "Getting the ears (the hearing, την ακοην) tickled." The Vulgate has πρυριεντες. Cf. the Athenians (Act 17:21). Clement of Alexandria tells of speakers tickling ( κνηθοντες) the ears of those who want to be tickled. This is the temptation of the merely "popular" preacher, to furnish the latest tickle.

4 Will turn away their ears

( την ακοην αποστρεψουσιν). Future active of old verb αποστρεφω. See 1Co 12:17 for this use of ακοη. The people stopped their ears and rushed at Stephen in Act 7:57.Will turn aside

( εκτραπησοντα). Second future passive of εκτρεπω. They prefer "myths" to "the truth" as some today turn away to "humanism," "bolshevism," "new thought" or any other fad that will give a new momentary thrill to their itching ears and morbid minds.

5 But be thou sober

( συ δε νηφε). Present active imperative of νηφω, for which see 1Th 5:6; 1Th 5:8. "Be sober in thy head."Suffer hardship

( κακοπαθησον). See 2Ti 2:9.Do the work of an evangelist

( εργον ποιησον ευαγγελιστου). See 1Co 1:17; Eph 4:11 for ευαγγελιστης, gospelizer.Fulfil

( πληροφορησον). First aorist active imperative of πληροφορεω, for which see Col 4:12. In Col 4:17 Paul uses πληροω to Archippus about his ministry as he here employs πληροφορεω. Both verbs mean to fill full.

6 I am already being offered

( ηδη σπενδομα). Present (progressive) passive indicative of σπενδω, old verb, to pour out a libation or drink offering. In N.T. only here and Phi 2:17. "What was then a possibility is now a certainty" (Parry). The sacrifice of Paul's life-blood has begun.Of my departure

( της αναλυσεως μου). Our very word "analysis." Old word from αναλυω, to loosen up or back, to unloose. Only here in N.T., though αναλυσα for death is used by Paul in Phi 1:23 which see for the metaphor.Is come

( εφεστηκεν). Perfect active indicative of εφιστημ (intransitive use). See 1Th 5:3; Luk 21:34. The hour has struck. The time has come.

7 I have fought the good fight

( τον καλον αγωνα ηγωνισμα). Perfect middle indicative of αγωνιζομα, a favourite figure with Paul (1Co 9:25; Col 1:29), with the cognate accusative αγωνα (Phi 1:27; Phi 1:30, etc.). The "fight" is the athletic contest of his struggle for Christ.I have finished the course

( τον δρομον τετελεκα). Perfect active indicative of τελεω. He had used this metaphor also of himself to the elders at Ephesus (Act 20:24). Then the "course" was ahead of him. Now it is behind him.I have kept the faith

( την πιστιν τετηρηκα). Perfect active indicative again of τηρεω. Paul has not deserted. He has kept faith with Christ. For this phrase, see Rev 14:12. Deissmann (Light, etc., p. 309) gives inscriptions in Ephesus of a man who says: "I have kept faith" ( την πιστιν ετηρησα) and another of a man of whom it is said: "He fought three fights, and twice was crowned."

8 Henceforth

( λοιπον). Accusative case, "for the rest."There is laid up for me

( αποκειτα μο). Present passive of αποκειμα, old verb, to be laid away. See Col 1:5 for the hope laid away. Paul's "crown of righteousness" ( ο της δικαιοσυνης στεφανος, genitive of apposition, the crown that consists in righteousness and is also the reward for righteousness, the victor's crown as in 1Co 9:25 which see) "is laid away" for him.At that day

( εν εκεινη τη ημερα). That great and blessed day (2Ti 1:12; 2Ti 1:18).The righteous judge

( ο δικαιος κριτης). "The just judge," the umpire who makes no mistakes who judges us all (2Co 5:10).Shall give me

( αποδωσε μο). Future active of αποδιδωμ. "Will give back" as in Rom 2:6 and in full.But also to all them that have loved his appearing

( αλλα πασιν τοις ηγαπηκοσιν την επιφανειαν αυτου). Dative case of the perfect active participle of αγαπαω, to love, who have loved and still love his second coming. Επιφανεια here can as in 2Ti 1:10 be interpreted of Christ's Incarnation.

9 Shortly

( ταχεως). In verse 2Ti 4:21 he more definitely says "before winter." Apparently the trial might drag on through its various stages.

10 Forsook me

( με εγκατελειπεν). Imperfect (MSS. also have aorist, εγκατελιπεν) active of the old double compound verb εγκαταλειπω, for which see Rom 9:29. Clearly in contrast to verse 2Ti 4:9 and in the sense of 1Ti 6:17, wilful desertion. Only mentioned elsewhere in Col 4:14.Crescens

( Κρησκης). No other mention of him.Titus to Dalmatia

( Τιτος εις Δαλματιαν). Titus had been asked to rejoin Paul in Nicopolis where he was to winter, probably the winter previous to this one (Tit 3:12). He came and has been with Paul.

11 Only Luke is with me

( Λουκας εστιν μονος μετ' εμου). Luke is with Paul now in Rome as during the first Roman imprisonment (Phm 1:24; Col 4:14).Take Mark

( Μαρκον αναλαβων). Second aorist active participle of αναλαμβανω, old verb, to pick up, as in Eph 6:13; Eph 6:16. "Pick up Mark."He is useful to me

( εστιν μο ευχρηστος). See 2Ti 2:21 for ευχρηστος. Paul had long ago changed his opinion of Mark (Col 4:10) because Mark had changed his conduct and had made good in his ministry. Now Paul longs to have the man that he once scornfully rejected (Act 15:37).

12 Tychicus I sent to Ephesus

( Τυχικον απεστειλα εις Εφεσον). Perhaps Paul had sent him on before he came to Rome. He may have been still on the way to Ephesus.

13 The cloke

( την φελονην). More common form φειλονη. By metathesis for φαινολη, Latin paenula, though which language transliterated the word into the other is not known. The meaning is also uncertain, though probably "cloke" as there are so many papyri examples in that sense (Moulton and Milligan, Vocabulary). Milligan (N.T. Documents, p. 20) had previously urged "book wrap" as probable but he changed his mind and rightly so.With Carpus

( παρα Καρπω). "Beside Carpus," at his house. Not mentioned elsewhere. Probably a visit to Troas after Paul's return from Crete.The books

( τα βιβλια). Probably papyrus rolls. One can only guess what rolls the old preacher longs to have with him, probably copies of Old Testament books, possibly copies of his own letters, and other books used and loved. The old preacher can be happy with his books.Especially the parchments

( μαλιστα τας μεμβρανας). Latin membrana. The dressed skins were first made at Pergamum and so termed "parchments." These in particular would likely be copies of Old Testament books, parchment being more expensive than papyrus, possibly even copies of Christ's sayings (Luk 1:1-4). We recall that in Act 26:24 Festus referred to Paul's learning ( τα γραμματα). He would not waste his time in prison.

14 Alexander the coppersmith

( Αλεξανδρος ο χαλκευς). Old word, only here in N.T., for metal-worker (copper, iron, gold, etc.). Possibly the one in 2Ti 1:20, but not the one in Act 19:33 unless he afterwards became a Christian.Did me much evil

( μο κακα ενεδειξατο). Evidently he had some personal dislike towards Paul and possibly also he was a Gnostic.Will render

( αποδωσε). Future active of the same verb used in verse 2Ti 4:8, but with a very different atmosphere.

15 Be thou ware also

( κα συ φυλασσου). Present middle (direct) imperative of φυλασσω, "from whom keep thyself away."Withstood

( αντεστη). Second aorist active indicative of ανθιστημ, "stood against my words." See 2Ti 3:8; Gal 2:11.

16 At my first defence

( εν τη πρωτη απολογια). Original sense of "apology" as in Phi 1:7; Phi 1:16. Either the first stage in this trial or the previous trial and acquittal at the end of the first Roman imprisonment. Probably the first view is correct, though really there is no way to decide.No one took my part

( ουδεις μο παρεγενετο). "No one came by my side" (second aorist middle indicative of παραγινομα). See 1Co 16:3.But all forsook me

( αλλα παντες με εγκατελειπον). Same verb and tense used of Demas above (verse 2Ti 4:10), "But all were forsaking me" (one by one) or, if aorist εγκατελιπον, "all at once left me."May it not be laid to their account

( μη αυτοις λογισθειη). First aorist passive optative in future wish with negative μη. Common Pauline verb λογιζομα (1Co 13:5; Rom 4:3; Rom 4:5).

17 But the Lord stood by me

( ο δε κυριος μο παρεστη). Second aorist active of παριστημ (intransitive use), "took his stand by my side." See Rom 16:2. Clearly Jesus appeared to Paul now at this crisis and climax as he had done so many times before.Strengthened me

( ενεδυναμωσεν με). "Poured power into me." See Phi 4:13.That through me the message might be fully proclaimed

( ινα δι' εμου το κηρυγμα πληροφορηθη). Final clause with ινα and first aorist passive subjunctive of πληροφορεω (see verse 2Ti 4:5). Either to the rulers in Rome now or, if the first imprisonment, by his release and going to Spain.And that all the Gentiles might hear

( κα ακουσωσιν παντα τα εθνη). Continuation of the purpose with the aorist active subjunctive of ακουω.I was delivered out of the mouth of the lion

( ερυσθην εκ στοματος λεοντος). First aorist passive indicative of ρυομα (1Th 1:10). A proverb, but not certain what the application is whether to Nero or to Satan (1Th 2:18) or to the lion in the arena where Paul could not be sent because a Roman citizen.

18 Will deliver me

( ρυσετα με). Future middle. Recall the Lord's Prayer. Paul is not afraid of death. He will find his triumph in death (Phi 1:21).Unto his heavenly kingdom

( εις την βασιλειαν αυτου την επουρανιον). The future life of glory as in 1Co 15:24; 1Co 15:50. He will save ( σωσε, effective future) me there finally and free from all evil.To whom be the glory

( ω η δοξα). No verb in the Greek. Paul's final doxology, his Swan Song, to Christ as in Rom 9:5; Rom 16:27.

19 Prisca and Aquila

( Πρισχαν κα Ακυλαν). Paul's friends now back in Ephesus, no longer in Rome (Rom 16:3). See 2Ti 1:16 for the house of Onesiphorus.

20 Erastus

( Εραστος). See Act 19:22; Rom 16:23.Trophimus

( Τροφιμον). A native of Ephesus and with Paul in Jerusalem (Act 20:4; Act 21:29).At Miletus sick

( εν Μιλητω ασθενουντα). Present active participle of ασθενεω, to be weak. Probably on Paul's return from Crete.

21 Before winter

( προ χειμωνος). Pathetic item if Paul was now in the Mamertine Dungeon in Rome with winter coming on and without his cloak for which he asked. How long he had been in prison this time we do not know. He may even have spent the previous winter or part of it here. Eubulus, Pudens, Linus, Claudia are all unknown otherwise. Irenaeus does speak of Linus.The Lord be with thy Spirit

( ο κυριος μετα του πνευματος σου). Let us hope that Timothy and Mark reached Paul before winter, before the end came, with the cloak and with the books. Our hero, we may be sure, met the end nobly. He is already more than conqueror in Christ who is by his side and who will welcome him to heaven and give him his crown. Luke, Timothy, Mark will do all that mortal hands can do to cheer the heart of Paul with human comfort. He already had the comfort of Christ in full measure.