1

0 EPISTLE TO TITUS

PROBABLY 66 OR 67

APPARENTLY FROM NICOPOLIS

1

1 According to the faith of God's elect

( κατα πιστιν εκλεκτων θεου). Here κατα expresses the aim of Paul's apostleship, not the standard by which he was chosen as in Phi 3:14; a classic idiom, repeated here with επιγνωσιν, ευσεβειαν, επιταγην, "with a view to" in each case. For "God's elect" see Rom 8:33; Col 3:12.The knowledge

( επιγνωσιν). "Full knowledge," one of Paul's favourite words. For the phrase see 1Ti 2:4.Which is according to godliness

( της κατ' ευσεβειαν). "The (truth) with a view to godliness." The combination of faith and full knowledge of the truth is to bring godliness on the basis of the hope of life eternal.

2 God who cannot lie

( ο αψευδης θεος). "The non-lying God." Old adjective ( α privative and ψευδης), here only in N.T. See 2Ti 2:13. In Polycarp's last prayer.Promised

( επηγγειλατο). First aorist middle indicative of επαγγελλω. Antithesis in εφανερωσεν δε (manifested) in verse Tit 1:3 (first aorist active indicative of φανεροω). Same contrast in Rom 16:25; Col 1:26.Before times eternal

( προ χρονων αιωνων). Not to God's purpose before time began (Eph 1:4; 2Ti 1:9), but to definite promises (Rom 9:4) made in time (Lock). "Long ages ago." See Rom 16:25.

3 In his own seasons

( καιροις ιδιοις). Locative case. See 1Ti 2:6; 1Ti 6:15.In the message

( εν κηρυγματ). See 1Co 1:21; 1Co 2:4 for this word, the human proclamation (preaching) of God's word.Wherewith I was intrusted

( ο επιστευθην). Accusative relative ο retained with the first aorist passive indicative of πιστευω as in 1Ti 1:11. See 1Ti 2:7.Of God our Saviour

( του σωτηρος ημων θεου). In verse Tit 1:4 he applies the words " του σωτηρος ημων" to Christ. In Tit 2:13 he applies both θεου and σωτηρος to Christ.

4 My true child

( γνησιω τεκνω). See 1Ti 1:2 for this adjective with Timothy. Titus is not mentioned in Acts, possibly because he is Luke's brother. But one can get a clear picture of him by turning to 2Co 2:13; 2Co 7:6-15; 2Co 8:6-24; 2Co 12:16-18; Gal 2:1-3; Tit 1:4; Tit 3:12; 2Ti 4:10. He had succeeded in Corinth where Timothy had failed. Paul had left him in Crete as superintendent of the work there. Now he writes him from Nicopolis (Tit 3:12).After a common faith

( κατα κοινην πιστιν). Here κατα does mean standard, not aim, but it is a faith ( πιστιν) common to a Gentile (a Greek) like Titus as well as to a Jew like Paul and so common to all races and classes (Jdg 1:3). Κοινος does not here have the notion of unclean as in Act 10:14; Act 11:8.

5 For this cause

( τουτου χαριν). In N.T. only here and Eph 3:1; Eph 3:14. Paul may be supplementing oral instruction as in Timothy's case and may even be replying to a letter from Titus (Zahn).Left I thee in Crete

( απελειπον σε εν Κρητη). This is the imperfect active of απολειπω, though MSS. give the aorist active also ( απελιπον) and some read κατελειπον or κατελιπον. Both are common verbs, though Paul uses καταλειπω only in 1Th 3:1 except two quotations (Rom 11:4; Eph 5:31) and απολειπω only here and 2Ti 4:13; 2Ti 4:20. Perhaps απολειπω suggests a more temporary stay than καταλειπω. Paul had apparently stopped in Crete on his return from Spain about A.D. 65.That thou shouldest set in order

( ινα επιδιορθωση). Late and rare double compound (inscriptions, here only in N.T.), first aorist middle subjunctive (final clause with ινα) of επιδιορθοω, to set straight ( ορθοω) thoroughly ( δια) in addition ( επ), a clean job of it.The things that were wanting

( τα λειποντα). "The things that remain." See Tit 3:13; Luk 18:22. Either things left undone or things that survive. In both senses the new pastor faces problems after the tornado has passed. Parry takes it "of present defects" in Cretan character.And appoint

( κα καταστησηις). Final clause still and first aorist active subjunctive of καθιστημ, the word used in Act 6:13 about the deacons. The word does not preclude the choice by the churches (in every city, κατα πολιν, distributive use of κατα). This is a chief point in the επιδορθωσις (White).Elders

( πρεσβυτερους). See 1Ti 3:2; 1Ti 4:17.As I gave thee charge

( ως εγω σο διεταξαμην). First aorist (constative) middle imperative of διατασσω, clear reference to previous personal details given to Titus on previous occasions.

6 Blameless

( ανεγκλητος). In a condition of first class. Used in 1Ti 3:10 of deacons which see.That believe

( πιστα). Added to what is in 1Ti 3:4. "Believing children."Not accused of riot

( μη εν κατηγορια ασωτιας). See 1Ti 5:19 for κατηγορια and Eph 5:18 for ασωτια. "Not in accusation of profligacy."Unruly

( ανυποτακτα). See 1Ti 1:9. Public disorder, out of doors. See also verse Tit 1:10.

7 The bishop

( τον επισκοπον). Same office as "elder" in Tit 1:5. "Elder is the title, oversight is the function" (B. Weiss).As God's steward

( ως θεου οικονομον). See 1Co 4:1 for Paul's idea of the bishop (elder) as God's steward (cf. 1Co 9:17; Col 1:25; Eph 3:2; 1Ti 1:4).Not self-willed

( μη αυθαδη). Old word (from αυτοσ, ηδομα), self-pleasing, arrogant. In N.T. only here and 2Pe 2:10.Not soon angry

( οργιλον). Old adjective from οργη (anger). Here only in N.T. Vulgate, iracundum. For "brawler" and "striker" see 1Ti 3:2.Not greedy of filthy lucre

( αισχροκερδη). "Not greedy of shameful gain." Used of deacons in 1Ti 3:8, αφιλαργυρον used of elders in 1Ti 3:3.

8 A lover of good

( φιλαγαθον). Late double compound ( φιλοσ, αγαθος). See Wisdom 7:22. Here only in N.T. Just ( δικαιον), holy ( οσιον) not in Tit 1:1.Temperate

( εγκρατη). Old and common adjective ( εν, κρατος, strength), having power over, controlling, here only in N.T. Picture of self-control.

9 Holding to

( αντεχομενον). Present middle participle of αντεχω, old verb, to hold back, in middle to hold oneself face to face with, to cling to, as in 1Th 5:14.The faithful word

( του πιστου λογου). See 1Ti 1:15; 1Ti 6:3; Rom 16:17. Some would see a reference here to Christ as the Personal Logos.That he may be able

( ινα δυνατος η). Final clause with present active subjunctive. Paul several times uses δυνατος ειμ in the sense of δυναμα, with infinitive as here (Rom 4:21; Rom 11:23; 2Ti 1:12).The gainsayers

( τους αντιλεγοντας). Present active participle of αντιλεγω, old word, to answer back, as in Rom 10:21. "The talkers back."

10 Vain talkers

( ματαιολογο). Late and rare compound, empty talkers, in Vett. Val. and here. See 1Ti 1:6 for ματαιολογια.Deceivers

( φρεναπατα). Late and rare compound, in papyri, eccl. writers, here alone in N.T. "Mind-deceivers." See Gal 6:3 for φρεναπαταιν.Specially they of the circumcision

( μαλιστα ο εκ της περιτομης). Same phrase in Act 11:2; Gal 2:12; Col 4:11. Jews are mentioned in Crete in Act 2:11. Apparently Jewish Christians of the Pharisaic type tinged with Gnosticism.

11 Whose mouths must be stopped

( ους δε επιστομιζειν). Literally, "whom it is necessary to silence by stopping the mouth." Present active infinitive επιστομιζειν, old and common verb ( επ, στομα, mouth), here only in N.T. To stop the mouth either with bridle or muzzle or gag.Overthrow

( ανατρεπουσιν). Old and common verb, to turn up, to overturn. In N.T. only here and 2Ti 2:18. In papyri to upset a family by perversion of one member.Things which they ought not

( α μη δε). Note subjective negative μη with indefinite relative and indicative mode.For filthy lucre's sake

( αισχρου κερδους χαριν). The Cretans are given a bad reputation for itinerating prophets for profit by Polybius, Livy, Plutarch. Paul's warnings in 1Ti 3:3; 1Ti 3:8; 1Ti 6:5 reveal it as "a besetting temptation of the professional teacher" (Parry). See verse Tit 1:7 above. Disgraceful gain, made in shameful ways.

12 A prophet of their own

( ιδιος αυτων προφητης). "Their own prophet." Self-styled "prophet" (or poet), and so accepted by the Cretans and by Cicero and Apuleius, that is Epimenides who was born in Crete at Cnossos. It is a hexameter line and Callimachus quoted the first part of it in a Hymn to Zeus. It is said that Epimenides suggested to the Athenians the erection of statues to "unknown gods" (Act 17:23).Liars

( ψευστα). See 1Ti 1:10 for the word. The Cretans had a bad reputation on this line, partly due to their claim to having the tomb of Zeus.Evil beasts

( κακα θηρια). "Wicked wild beasts." Lock asks if the Minotaur was partly responsible.Idle gluttons

( γαστερες αργα). "Idle bellies." Blunt and forceful. See Phi 3:19 "whose god is the belly" ( η κοιλια). Both words give the picture of the sensual gormandizer.

13 Testimony

( μαρτυρια). Of the poet Epimenides. Paul endorses it from his recent knowledge.Sharply

( αποτομως). Old adverb from αποτομος (from αποτεμνω, to cut off), in N.T. only here and 2Co 13:10, "curtly," "abruptly." It is necessary to appear rude sometimes for safety, if the house is on fire and life is in danger.That they may be sound

( ινα υγιαινωσιν). Final clause with ινα and present active subjunctive of υγιαινω, for which verb see on 1Ti 1:10.

14 See 1Ti 1:4 for προσεχÂω and μυθοις, only here we have Jewish ( Ιουδαικοις) added. Perhaps a reference to the oral traditions condemned by Christ in Mar 7:2-8. See also Col 2:22, apparently Pharisaic type of Gnostics.Who turn away from the truth

( αποστρεφομενων). Present middle (direct) participle of αποστρεφω, "men turning themselves away from the truth" (accusative according to regular idiom). "The truth" (1Ti 4:3) is the gospel (Eph 4:21).

15 To them that are defiled

( τοις μεμιαμμενοις). Perfect passive articular participle of μιαινω, old verb, to dye with another colour, to stain, in N.T. only here, Jdg 1:8; Heb 12:15. See μεμιαντα (perf. pass. indic.) in this verse. Μολυνω (1Co 8:7) is to smear.Unbelieving

( απιστοις). As in 1Co 7:12; 1Ti 5:8. The principle or proverb just quoted appears also in 1Co 6:12; 1Co 10:23; Rom 14:20. For the defilement of mind ( νους) and conscience ( συνειδησις) in both Gentile and Jew by sin, see Rom 1:18-2.

16 They profess

( ομολογουσιν). Present active indicative of ομολογεω, common verb ( ομου, λεγω) as in Rom 10:10. Ειδενα (know) is second perfect active infinitive of οιδα in indirect assertion.By their works

( τοις εργοις). Instrumental case.They deny

( αρνουντα). Present middle of αρνεομα, old verb, common in the Gospels and the Pastoral Epistles (1Ti 5:8; Tit 2:12; 2Ti 2:12).Abominable

( βδελυκτο). Verbal adjective from βδελυσσομα. Only in LXX and here.Disobedient

( απειθεις). See Rom 1:30.Reprobate

( αδοκιμο). See on 1Co 9:27; Rom 1:28.

2

1 But speak thou

( συ δε λαλε). In contrast to these Pharisaic Gnostics in Crete.Befit

( πρεπε). Old verb to be becoming, seemly. See 1Ti 2:10; Eph 5:3. With dative case διδασκαλια.Sound

( υγιαινουση). Healthful as in Tit 1:13; Tit 2:2; 1Ti 1:10, common word in the Pastorals.

2 Aged men

( πρεσβυτας). See Phm 1:9 for this word. For discussion of family life see also Col 3:18-4; Eph 5:22-6; 1Ti 5:1-6. For the adjectives here see 1Ti 3:2; 1Ti 3:8; for the substantives see 1Ti 6:11.

3 Aged women

( πρεσβυτιδας). Old word, feminine of πρεσβυτης, only here in N.T. See πρεσβυτερας in 1Ti 5:2.Reverent

( ιεροπρεπεις). Old word ( ειροσ, πρεπε). Only here in N.T. Same idea in 1Ti 2:10. Like people engaged in sacred duties (Lock).In demeanour

( εν καταστηματ). Late and rare word (inscriptions) from καθιστημ, deportment, only here in N.T.Not slanderers

( μη διαβολους). See 1Ti 3:11; 2Ti 3:3.Nor enslaved to much wine

( μηδε οινω πολλω δεδουλωμενας). Perfect passive participle of δουλοω, with dative case οινω. See 1Ti 3:8. "It is proved by experience that the reclamation of a woman drunkard is almost impossible" (White). But God can do the "impossible."Teachers of that which is good

( καλοδιδασκαλους). Compound word found here alone, bona docentes (teaching good and beautiful things). A sorely needed mission.

4 That they may train

( ινα σωφρονιζωσιν). Purpose clause, ινα and present active subjunctive of σωφρονιζω, old verb (from σωφρων, sound in mind, σαοσ, φρην, as in this verse), to make sane, to restore to one's senses, to discipline, only here in N.T.To love their husbands

( φιλανδρους εινα). Predicate accusative with εινα of old adjective φιλανδρος ( φιλοσ, ανηρ, fond of one's husband), only here in N.T. Ανηρ means man, of course, as well as husband, but only husband here, not "fond of men" (other men than their own).To love their children

( φιλοτεκνους). Another old compound, here only in N.T. This exhortation is still needed where some married women prefer poodle-dogs to children.

5 Workers at home

( οικουργους). So the oldest MSS. (from οικοσ, εργου) instead of οικουρους, keepers at home (from κοισο, ουρος, keeper). Rare word, found in Soranus, a medical writer, Field says. Cf. 1Ti 5:13. "Keepers at home" are usually "workers at home."Kind

( αγαθας). See Rom 5:7. See Col 3:18; Eph 5:22 for the same use of υποτασσομα, to be in subjection. Note ιδιοις (their own). See 1Ti 6:1 for the same negative purpose clause ( ινα μη βλασφημητα).

6 The younger men

( τους νεωτερους). Just one item, besides "likewise" ( οσαυτως as in Tit 2:3; Tit 2:1; Tit 2:9), "to be soberminded" ( σωφρονειν, old verb as in Rom 12:3). It is possible to take "in all things" ( περ παντα) with σωφρονειν, though the editors take it with verse Tit 2:7.

7 Shewing thyself

( σεαυτον παρεχομενος). Present middle (redundant middle) participle of παρεχω with the reflexive pronoun σεαυτον as if the active voice παρεχων. The Koine shows an increasing number of such constructions (Robertson, Grammar, p. 811). See active in 1Ti 1:4.An ensample

( τυπον). For this word see 2Th 3:9; Phi 3:17.Uncorruptness

( αφθοριαν). Only example, from late adjective αφθορος ( α privative and φθειρω).

8 Sound

( υγιÂη, Attic usually υγιÂα in accusative singular), elsewhere in Pastorals participle υγιανÂων (verse Tit 2:1).That cannot be condemned

( ακαταγνωστον). Only N.T. example (verbal, α privative and καταγνωστος) and in IV Macc. 4:47. Deissmann (Bible Studies, p. 200) quotes it from an inscription and the adverb from a papyrus.He that is of the contrary part

( ο εξ εναντιας). "The one on the opposite side" (your opponent). Cf. verse Tit 2:9; 1Ti 5:14.May be ashamed

( ινα εντραπη). Final clause with ινα and second aorist passive subjunctive of εντρεπω, to turn, in middle and passive to turn one on himself and so be ashamed (to blush) as in 2Th 3:14; 1Co 4:14. This sense in the papyri.Evil

( φαυλον). Old word, easy (easy morals), worthless; bad, as in 2Co 5:10.

9 Servants

( δουλους). "Slaves." Supply "exhort" ( παρακαλε). See 1Ti 6:1 for "masters" ( δεσποταις).Well-pleasing

( ευαρεστους). See on 2Co 5:9.Not gainsaying

( μη αντιλεγοντας). "Not answer back." See Rom 10:21.

10 Not purloining

( μη νοσφιζομενους). Present middle participle of νοσφιζω, old verb (from νοσφ, apart), in middle to set apart for oneself, to embezzle, in N.T. only here and Act 5:2.Fidelity

( πιστιν). See Gal 5:22; 1Ti 5:12 for πιστις in the sense of faithfulness. Nowhere else in the N.T. do we have αγαθη with πιστις as here, but an Oxyr. papyrus (iii. 494, 9) has this very phrase ( πασαν πιστιν ενδεικνυμενη). Westcott and Hort put αγαπην in the margin. See Tit 3:2.That they may adorn

( ινα κοσμωσιν). Final clause with ινα and present active subjunctive. See 1Ti 2:9 for κοσμεω. Paul shows slaves how they may "adorn" the teaching of God.

11 Hath appeared

( επεφανη). "Did appear," the first Epiphany (the Incarnation). Second aorist passive indicative of επιφαινω, old verb, in N.T. here, Tit 3:4; Luk 1:79; Act 27:20.Bringing salvation

( σωτηριος). Old adjective from σωτηρ (Saviour), here alone in N.T. except το σωτηριον (salvation, "the saving act") in Luk 2:30; Luk 3:6; Eph 6:17.Instructing

( παιδευουσα). See 1Ti 1:20.Ungodliness

( ασεβειαν). See Rom 1:18.Worldly lusts

( τας κοσμικας επιθυμιας). Aristotle and Plutarch use κοσμικος (from κοσμος) about the universe as in Heb 9:1 about the earthly. Here it has alone in N.T. the sense of evil "in this present age" as with κοσμος in 1Jn 2:16. The three adverbs set off the opposite (soberly σωφρονως, righteously δικαιως, godly ευσεβως).

13 Looking for

( προσδεχομενο). Present middle participle of προσδεχομα, old verb, the one used of Simeon (Luk 2:25) and others (Luk 2:38) who were looking for the Messiah.The blessed hope and appearing of the glory

( την μακαριαν ελπιδα κα επιφανειαν της δοξης). The word επιφανεια (used by the Greeks of the appearance of the gods, from επιφανησ, επιφαινω) occurs in 2Ti 1:10 of the Incarnation of Christ, the first Epiphany (like the verb επεφανη, Tit 2:11), but here of the second Epiphany of Christ or the second coming as in 1Ti 6:14; 2Ti 4:1; 2Ti 4:8. In 2Th 2:8 both επιφανεια and παρουσια (the usual word) occur together of the second coming.Of our great God and Saviour Jesus Christ

( του μεγαλου θεου κα σωτηρος Ιησου Χριστου). This is the necessary meaning of the one article with θεου and σωτηρος just as in 2Pe 1:1; 2Pe 1:11. See Robertson, Grammar, p. 786. Westcott and Hort read Χριστου Ιησου.

14 Who gave himself for us

( ος εδωκεν εαυτον υπερ ημων). Paul's great doctrine (Gal 1:4; Gal 2:20; 1Ti 2:6).That he might redeem us

( ινα λυτρωσητα). Final clause, ινα and the aorist middle subjunctive of λυτροω, old verb from λυτρον (ransom), in N.T. only here, Luk 24:21; 1Pe 1:18.Purify to himself

( καθαριση εαυτω). Final clause with first aorist active subjunctive of καθαριζω, for which verb see Eph 5:26.Lawlessness

( ανομιας). See 2Th 2:3.A people for his own possession

( λαον περιουσιον). A late word (from περιειμ, to be over and above, in papyri as well as περιουσια), only in LXX and here, apparently made by the LXX, one's possession, and so God's chosen people. See 1Pe 2:9 ( λαος εις περιποιησιν).Zealous of good works

( ζηλωτην καλων εργων). "A zealot for good works." Substantive for which see 1Co 14:12; Gal 1:14. Objective genitive εργων.

15 With all authority

( μετα πασης επιταγης). See 1Co 7:6; 2Co 8:8. Assertion of authority is sometimes necessary.Let no man despise thee

( μηδεις σου περιφρονειτω). Present active imperative in prohibition of περιφρονεω, old verb, only here in N.T., to think around (on all sides). Literally, "let no man think around thee" (and so despise thee). In 1Ti 4:12 it is καταφρονειτω (think down on), a stronger word of scorn, but this one implies the possibility of one making mental circles around one and so "out-thinking" him. The best way for the modern minister to command respect for his "authority" is to do thinking that will deserve it.

3

1 To be in subjection to rulers, to authorities, to be obedient

( αρχαις εξουσιαις υποτασσεσθα πειθαρχειν). Remarkable double asyndeton, no κα (and) between the two substantives or the two verbs. Πειθαρχειν (to obey), old verb (from πειθομαι, αρχη), in N.T. only here and Act 27:21.To be ready unto every good work

( προς παν εργον αγαθον ετοιμους εινα). Pauline phrase (2Co 9:8; 2Ti 2:21; 2Ti 3:17), here adjective ετοιμος (2Co 9:5), there verb.

2 To speak evil

( βλασφημειν). See Col 3:8; 1Ti 6:4.Not to be contentious

( αμαχους εινα). "To be non-fighters" (1Ti 3:3), originally "invincible."Gentle

( επιεικεις). See 1Ti 3:3.Meekness

( πραυτητα). Πραοτητα. See Col 3:12.

3 Aforetime

( ποτε). "Once" in our unconverted state as in Eph 2:3.Foolish

( ανοητο). See Rom 1:14; Rom 1:21.Disobedient

( απειθεις). See Rom 1:30.Deceived

( πλανωμενο). Present passive participle of πλαναω though the middle is possible.Divers lusts

( ηδοναις ποικιλαις). "Pleasures" ( ηδοναις from ηδομα, old word, in N.T. only here, Luk 8:14; Jas 4:1; Jas 4:3; 2Pe 2:13). Ποικιλαις (old word) is many-coloured as in Mar 1:34; Jas 1:2; 2Ti 3:6, etc.Living

( διαγοντες). See 1Ti 3:6 (supply βιον).In malice

( εν κακια). See Rom 1:29.Envy

( φθονω). See Rom 1:29.Hateful

( στυγητο). Late passive verbal from στυγεω, to hate. In Philo, only here in N.T.Hating one another

( μισουντες αλληλους). Active sense and natural result of being "hateful."

4 The kindness

( η χρηστοτης). See Rom 2:4 for this very word used of God as here.His love toward man

( η φιλανθρωπια). "The philanthrophy of God our Saviour." Old word from φιλανθρωπος, for love of mankind, in N.T. only here and Act 28:2.Appeared

( επεφανη). See Tit 2:11 and here as there the Incarnation of Christ. See 1Ti 1:1 for σωτηρ with θεος (God).

5 Done

(not in the Greek, only the article τÂων), "not as a result of works those in righteousness which we did." Same idea as in Rom 3:20.According to his mercy he saved us

( κατα το αυτου ελεος εσωσεν). See Psa 109:26; 1Pe 1:3; Eph 2:4. Effective aorist active indicative of σωζω.Through the washing of regeneration

( δια λουτρου παλινγενεσιας). Late and common word with the Stoics (Dibelius) and in the Mystery-religions (Angus), also in the papyri and Philo. Only twice in the N.T. (Mat 19:28 with which compare αποκαταστασια in Act 3:21, and here in personal sense of new birth). For λουτρον, see Eph 5:26, here as there the laver or the bath. Probably in both cases there is a reference to baptism, but, as in Rom 6:3-6, the immersion is the picture or the symbol of the new birth, not the means of securing it.And renewing of the Holy Spirit

( κα ανακαινωσεως πνευματος αγιου). "And renewal by the Holy Spirit" (subjective genitive). For the late word ανακαινωσις, see Rom 12:2. Here, as often, Paul has put the objective symbol before the reality. The Holy Spirit does the renewing, man submits to the baptism after the new birth to picture it forth to men.

6 Which

( ου). Genitive case by attraction from ο (grammatical gender) to the case of πνευματος αγιου. We do not have grammatical gender (only natural) in English. Hence here we should say "whom," even if it does not go smoothly with εξεχεεν (he poured out, second aorist active indicative of εκχεω). The reference is to the great Pentecost (Act 2:33) as foretold by Joel (Joe 2:28).Richly

( πλουσιως). Then and to each one in his own experience. See Rom 10:12; 1Ti 6:17.

7 Being justified by his grace

( δικαιωθεντες τη εκεινου χαριτ). First aorist passive participle of δικαιοω and instrumental case of χαρις as in Rom 3:24; Rom 5:1.That we might be made heirs

( ινα κληρονομο γενηθωμεν). Purpose with ινα and first aorist passive of γινομα. See Rom 4:13; Rom 8:17.

8 The saying

( ο λογος). In verses Tit 3:4-7.I will

( βουλομα). See 1Ti 2:8.That thou affirm confidently

( σε διαβεβαιουσθα). Indirect command. For the verb see 1Ti 1:7.That they may be careful

( ινα φροντιζωσιν). Sub-final use of ινα with present active subjunctive of φροντιζω, old verb, only here in N.T.To maintain good works

( καλων εργων προιστασθα). Present middle infinitive of προιστημ, intransitive use, to stand before, to take the lead in, to care for. Paul is anxious that "believers" may take the lead in good works.

9 Fightings about the law

( μαχας νομικας). "Legal battles." See 1Ti 6:4; 2Ti 2:23. Wordy fights about Mosaic and Pharisaic and Gnostic regulations.Shun

( περιιστασο). Present middle imperative of περιιστημ, intransitive, step around, stand aside (2Ti 2:16). Common in this sense in the literary Koine.Unprofitable

( ανωφελεις). Old compound adjective ( α privative and οφελος), in N.T. only here and Heb 7:18.

10 Heretical

( αιρετικον). Old adjective from αιρεσις ( αιρεομα, to choose), a choosing of a party (sect, Act 5:17) or of teaching (2Pe 2:1). Possibly a schism had been started here in Crete.Refuse

( παραιτου). Present middle imperative of παραιτεω, to ask from, to beg off from. See same form in 1Ti 4:7; 1Ti 5:11. Possibly an allusion here to Christ's directions in Mat 18:15-17.

11 Is perverted

( εξεστραπτα). Perfect passive indicative of εκστρεφω, old word to turn inside out, to twist, to pervert. Only here in N.T.Self-condemned

( αυτοκατακριτος). Only known example of this double compound verbal adjective ( αυτοσ, κατα, κρινω).

12 When I shall send

( οταν πεμψω). Indefinite temporal clause with οταν and the first aorist active subjunctive (or future indicative) of πεμπω (same form).Artemas

( Αρτεμαν). Perhaps abbreviation of Artemidorus. Nothing more is known of him.Or Tychicus

( η Τυχικον). Paul's well-known disciple (Col 4:7; Eph 6:21; 2Ti 4:12).To Nicopolis

( εις Νικοπολιν). Probably in Epirus, a good place for work in Dalmatia (2Ti 4:10).I have determined

( κεκρικα). Perfect active indicative. I have decided.To winter there

( εκε παραχειμασα). First aorist active infinitive of παραχειμαζω, a literary Koine word for which see Act 27:12; 1Co 16:6.

13 Zenas the lawyer

( Ζηναν τον νομικον). Possibly abbreviation of Zenodorus and may be one of the bearers of the Epistle with Apollos. Probably an expert in the Mosaic law as the word means in the Gospels. A converted Jewish lawyer. The Latin term is jurisconsultum for νομικον.Apollos

( Απολλων). Paul's friend (Act 18:24-19; 1Co 1:12).Set forward

( προπεμψον). First aorist active imperative of προπεμπω, old verb, to send on ahead (1Co 16:6; 1Co 16:11; Rom 15:24).That nothing be wanting unto them

( ινα μηδεν αυτοις λειπη). Purpose with ινα and present (or second aorist λιπη, some MSS.) subjunctive of λειπω, old verb to leave, to remain, to lack. With dative case here ( αυτοις).

14 Our people

( ο ημετερο). "Our folks." The Cretan converts, not just Paul's friends.Let learn

( μανθανετωσαν). Present active imperative, keep on learning how.To maintain

( προιστασθα). See verse Tit 3:8.For necessary uses

( εις αναγκαιας χρειας). "For necessary wants." No idlers wanted. See 1Th 4:12; 2Th 3:10.Unfruitful

( ακαρπο). See 1Co 14:14; Eph 5:11.

15 That love us

( τους φιλουντας ημας). Paul craved the love of his friends as opposed to Tit 2:8.